Triathlon
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A triathlon is an endurance sports event consisting of swimming, cycling and running over various distances. As a result, proficiency in swimming, cycling, and running alone is not sufficient to guarantee a triathlon athlete a competitive time; trained triathlon athletes have learned to race each stage in a way that preserves their energy and endurance for subsequent stages. In most modern triathlons, these events are placed back-to-back in immediate sequence and a competitor's official time includes the time required to "transition" between the individual legs of the race, including any time necessary for changing clothes and shoes.
HistoryAccording to triathlon historian and author Scott Tinley the origin of triathlon is anecdotally attributed to a race in France during the 1920-1930s that was called "Les trois sports," "La Course des Débrouillards" and "La course des Touche à Tout." Nowadays, this race is held every year in France near Joinville le Pont, in Meulan and Poissy. In 1920 the French newspaper "L´Auto" reported on a competition called "Les Trois Sports" with a 3 km run, 12 km bike and a crossing of the channel Marne. Those three parts were done without any break. There are also articles in French newspapers about a race in Marseille in 1927. There is a 1934 article about "Les Trois Sports" (the three sports) in the city of La Rochelle, a race with: (1) a channel crossing (c. 200 m), (2) a bike competition (10 km) around the harbor of La Rochelle and the parc Laleu, and (3) a run (1200 m) in the stadium André-Barbeau. |
Triathlon revived in the early 1970s by the San Diego Track Club, as an alternative workout to the rigors of track training. The club's first event consisted of a 10km run, an 8km cycle and a 500m swim.
In 1989, the International Triathlon Union (ITU) was founded in Avignon, France and the first official world championships were held. The ITU set an official distance for triathlon at a 1500metre swim, a 40km cycle and a 10km run taking from existing events in each discipline already on the Olympic program. In 1994, the IOC Congress in Paris, France, awarded triathlon full medal status on the Olympic program effective in 2000.[1]
2008 Olympic Team selection
The Olympic team selection process is administered by USA Triathlon. Because the United States is a major triathlon nation, it may send up to six triathletes to the Olympics (the maximum allowed), while most other countries are limited to just one man and one woman.
With three total selection races, only one of them came in 2007; the Olympic test event in Beijing on September 15th and 16th, 2007. The top American man and woman across the line earned the first Olympic spots. The next slots would be the winners at the U.S. Olympic Trials on April 19th in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Points earned from the first two races determined the final spots at the Hy-Vee ITU Triathlon World Cup in Des Moines on June 22. The U.S. is one of just five countries to qualify the maximum three men and three women. The United States Olympic Committee confirmed all six nominations on June 23.
- Women - Laura Bennett, Julie Ertel, Sarah Haskins
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| Laura Bennett | Julie Ertel | Sarah Haskins |
Coming off a bronze at the 2007 World Championships, Laura Bennett took bronze again in the 2007 Beijing triathlon. As the first American woman across the finish line, she notched her first Olympic spot. Four World Championship medals support her reputation as a triathlete who comes through on the big occasions. Julie Ertel will head to her second Olympic Games after winning U.S. Olympic trials in convincing fashion. But Beijing will be her first Olympics in triathlon. She was a silver medalist in water polo at the Sydney Olympics in 2000. After finishing second at the two previous selection races, Sarah Haskins was the favourite to claim the final Olympic spot at the Hy-Vee ITU Triathlon World Cup on June 22. She did just that after Sarah Groff failed to become the top American at the race. Haskins finished sixth overall and secured her first Olympic Games spot.
- Men - Jarrod Shoemaker, Matt Reed, Hunter Kemper
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| Jarrod Shoemaker | Matt Reed | Hunter Kemper |
All eyes were on two-time Olympian Hunter Kemper and 2004 Olympian Andy Potts but it was Jarrod Shoemaker who pulled out a gutsy performance to steal the first Olympic spot as the top American finisher in Beijing. It was the second major career milestone for Shoemaker in Asia as he was crowned Under 23 World Champion in Gamagori, Japan in 2005. Matt Reed will join brother Shane (who competes for New Zealand) on the Beijing start line after winning U.S. Olympic trials. In a battle for the final Olympic spot at the Hy-Vee ITU Triathlon World Cup, Kemper came out on top, crossing the line before Potts and earning his third trip to the Olympic Games. Kemper becomes the first American triathlete to qualify for three Olympics. He was 17th in Sydney and 9th in Athens.[2]
2008 Olympics
Qualification
Eight NOCs can have a maximum of three eligible athletes per event, all other NOCs can have a maximum of two eligible athletes per event. Here follows the detailed attribution of the qualification places:[3]
| Event | Date | Location | Men | Women |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pan American Continental Olympic Qualifier | July 14, 2007 | |||
| African Continental Olympic Qualifier | March 8, 2008 | |||
| Oceania Continental Olympic Qualifier | March 9, 2008 | |||
| Asian Continental Olympic Qualifier | May 3, 2008 | |||
| European Continental Olympic Qualifier | May 10, 2008 | |||
| 2008 Triathlon World Championships | June 8, 2008 | |||
| ITU Olympic Qualification Rankings[4][5] | June 15, 2008 | N/A | ||
| ITU Continental Rankings[6] | July 15, 2008 | N/A | ||
| Host nation[7] | N/A | N/A | ||
| Tripartite Commission | Jan 31, 2008 | N/A | ||
| Total | - | - | 55 | 55 |
Results
Australia’s Emma Snowsill won the women’s triathlon gold medal with a blistering run leg in the scorching heat.
“Coming down on the last lap I had to throw in whatever I had left,” said the diminutive Aussie. “There’s nothing like running scared. I put every ounce of energy into this.”[9]
Snowsill’s winning time of 1:58:27 was an amazing 66 seconds ahead of pre-race favourite Portugal’s Vanessa Fernandes, who took silver, and 88 seconds in front of another Australian Emma Moffatt, who earned the bronze.
A relatively slow swim time of 20:19, led out by Laura Bennett (USA), set the race up for a large front pack bike ride. All the favourites, excluding Nicola Spirig (Switzerland), Lisa Norden (Sweden), Kate Allen (Austria) and Hollie Avil (Great Britain), took positions in the big pack.
Spirig was able to bridge the gap on the bike, breaking away from the first chasing pack and taking Ai Ueda (Japan) with her. The young Avil, however, pulled out of the bike a few laps in.
Snowsill maintained great position at the front of the 20-athlete lead pack throughout the bike course, while Moffatt sat at the other end, staying out of trouble. All of the other main players: Fernandes, Bennett, Spirig, Daniela Ryf and Magali DiMarco (Switzerland) and Andrea Hewitt (New Zealand) looked comfortable.
Mari Rabie (South Africa) and the Julie Ertel (USA) were the exceptions. Rabie was dropped by the lead pack and Ertel struggled up the hill at the back of the course each lap before being tailed off the last time around.
Heading into the last lap the lead group had 1:57 on the pursuers who were having trouble organising a meaningful chase. It got worse for the group when riders fell as the group turned into the Reservoir.
Lauren Groves (Canada), Lenka Zemanova, (Czech), and Irina Abysova (Russia) abandoned the race due to this fall. While Allen, the 2004 Athens gold medallist, drove the fourth chasing pack in vain. In contrast, it was plain sailing for the lead pack as they headed into transition.
Behind Snowsill, the best of the chasers were: Bennett, Hewitt, Fernandes and Juri Ide (Japan) who revelled the stifling conditions. These chasers seemed to gain on Snowsill’s small lead heading out of the Reservoir, but this disappeared by the first u-turn at 1.25km, as Snowsill started taking more ground.
This gap only increased in the remaining portion of the run—Snowsill’s lead opening up 100m, then 250m at the end of laps two and three. The race now became one for the minor medals.
The only problem for the three-time world champion Snowsill came when she ran down the wrong side of the barricade near the end of the third lap. She quickly righted this mishap with a swift hurdle and went straight back into her stride.
Women
| Rank | #[10] | Triathlete | Swimming | Cycling | Running | Total time* | Difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
34 | 19:51 | 1:04:20 | 33:17 | 1:58:27.66 | n/a | |
| 2 |
54 | 19:53 | 1:04:18 | 34:21 | 1:59:34.63 | +1:06.97 | |
| 3 |
33 | 19:55 | 1:04:12 | 34:46 | 1:59:55.84 | +1:28.18 | |
| 4 | 40 | 19:49 | 1:04:23 | 35:10 | 2:00:21.54 | +1:53.88 | |
| 5 | 15 | 19:50 | 1:04:24 | 35:05 | 2:00:23.77 | +1:56.11 | |
| 6 | 8 | 20:17 | 1:03:54 | 35:20 | 2:00:30.48 | +2:02.82 | |
| 7 | 7 | 19:56 | 1:04:17 | 35:31 | 2:00:40.20 | +2:12.54 | |
| 8 | 25 | 19:54 | 1:04:15 | 35:38 | 2:00:45.99 | +2:18.33 | |
| 9 | 16 | 19:56 | 1:04:14 | 35:36 | 2:00:51.85 | +2:24.19 | |
| 10 | 26 | 19:57 | 1:04:17 | 35:54 | 2:01:06.92 | +2:39.26 | |
| 11 | 42 | 19:50 | 1:04:18 | 36:10 | 2:01:22.57 | +2:54.91 | |
| 12 | 9 | 19:56 | 1:04:14 | 36:19 | 2:01:31.74 | +3:04.08 | |
| 13 | 6 | 19:50 | 1:04:22 | 36:39 | 2:01:50.74 | +3:23.08 | |
| 14 | 11 | 20:57 | 1:05:24 | 34:32 | 2:02:00.69 | +3:33.03 | |
| 15 | 4 | 20:00 | 1:04:12 | 36:46 | 2:02:07.75 | +3:40.09 | |
| 16 | 27 | 19:58 | 1:04:15 | 36:55 | 2:02:13.60 | +3:45.94 | |
| 17 | 17 | 20:17 | 1:03:56 | 37:09 | 2:02:19.09 | +3:51.43 | |
| 18 | 50 | 20:56 | 1:05:26 | 35:05 | 2:02:27.47 | +3:59.81 | |
| 19 | 41 | 19:51 | 1:04:24 | 37:22 | 2:02:39.22 | +4:11.56 | |
| 20 | 37 | 20:57 | 1:05:28 | 35:11 | 2:02:43.85 | +4:16.19 | |
| 21 | 31 | 19:52 | 1:04:17 | 37:39 | 2:02:55.74 | +4:28.08 | |
| 22 | 32 | 20:54 | 1:05:27 | 35:46 | 2:03:08.76 | +4:41.10 | |
| 23 | 23 | 20:53 | 1:05:29 | 36:06 | 2:03:27.49 | +4:59.83 | |
| 24 | 43 | 21:02 | 1:05:18 | 36:09 | 2:03:34.39 | +5:06.73 | |
| 25 | 35 | 20:21 | 1:06:03 | 36:16 | 2:03:42.56 | +5:14.90 | |
| 26 | 5 | 20:00 | 1:04:09 | 38:29 | 2:03:46.82 | +5:19.16 | |
| 27 | 14 | 21:03 | 1:05:22 | 36:37 | 2:04:03.16 | +5:35.50 | |
| 28 | 38 | 19:59 | 1:07:06 | 36:38 | 2:04:48.07 | +6:20.41 | |
| 29 | 21 | 20:55 | 1:05:28 | 37:31 | 2:04:56.32 | +6:28.66 | |
| 30 | 19 | 21:02 | 1:05:24 | 37:42 | 2:05:09.85 | +6:42.19 | |
| 31 | 22 | 19:52 | 1:04:24 | 40:04 | 2:05:23.49 | +6:55.83 | |
| 32 | 47 | 19:58 | 1:06:26 | 38:02 | 2:05:33.24 | +7:05.58 | |
| 33 | 3 | 20:16 | 1:06:08 | 38:18 | 2:05:45.86 | +7:18.20 | |
| 34 | 10 | 20:22 | 1:06:41 | 37:55 | 2:06:04.28 | +7:36.62 | |
| 35 | 18 | 20:02 | 1:06:58 | 38:05 | 2:06:12.02 | +7:44.36 | |
| 36 | 52 | 20:58 | 1:05:24 | 39:01 | 2:06:24.26 | +7:56.60 | |
| 37 | 53 | 20:17 | 1:06:03 | 39:09 | 2:06:29.36 | +8:01.70 | |
| 38 | 36 | 20:28 | 1:05:58 | 39:17 | 2:06:46.70 | +8:19.04 | |
| 39 | 48 | 20:02 | 1:06:24 | 39:43 | 2:07:11.92 | +8:44.26 | |
| 40 | 44 | 20:03 | 1:06:22 | 40:05 | 2:07:34.99 | +9:07.33 | |
| 41 | 56 | 20:26 | 1:05:56 | 40:30 | 2:07:55.58 | +9:27.92 | |
| 42 | 45 | 19:58 | 1:07:10 | 40:21 | 2:08:37.56 | +10:09.90 | |
| 43 | 46 | 19:54 | 1:06:30 | 42:01 | 2:09:28.02 | +11:00.36 | |
| 44 | 1 | 20:07 | 1:06:58 | 41:30 | 2:09:42.09 | +11:14.43 | |
| 45 | 39 | 20:03 | 1:07:44 | 41:30 | 2:10:18.98 | +11:51.32 | |
| n/a | 2 | 20:31 | LAP | ||||
| n/a | 55 | 21:36 | LAP | ||||
| n/a | 49 | 21:18 | LAP | ||||
| n/a | 28 | 20:26 | LAP | ||||
| n/a | 29 | 21:16 | LAP | ||||
| n/a | 20 | 20:05 | DNF | ||||
| n/a | 24 | 20:00 | DNF | ||||
| n/a | 51 | 19:56 | DNF | ||||
| n/a | 30 | 20:09 | DNF | ||||
| n/a | 12 | 20:04 | DNF |
- * Including Transition 1 (swimming-to-cycling) and T2 (cycling-to-running), roughly a minute.
- No one is allotted the number 13.
- LAP - passed by number one.
- DNF - Did Not Finish.
Men
German athlete Jan Frodeno unleashed a well-timed sprint only 50M from the line to winl in a time of 1:48:53.
“Previously this year I have lost all my races very closely in sprints,” Frodeno told reporters of his dramatic turnaround in sprinting form. “And one thing that does is that it teaches you a lesson. So I learnt it for the right time I guess.” [11]
Frodeno’s sprint in the stifling conditions was too much for Canadian Simon Whitfield who finished five seconds behind, and New Zealand’s Bevan Docherty who took the bronze medal 12 seconds back.
Pre race favorite Spaniard Javier Gomez just fell short of the medals finishing in fourth 20 seconds behind the German.
Shane Reed (New Zealand) and Alexander Brukhankov (Russia) led each of the two packs in the first stages of the swim.These packs combined about 300M into the swim to form one large group and Reed controlled the pace from then on.
Reed exited the water first in 18 minutes flat, followed closely by Igor Sysoev (Russia), Frederic Belaubre (France), Hunter Kemper (USA) and Hirokatsu Tayama (Japan).
A giant lead pack formed on the first lap of the bike with all the main players safely contained within it. Notable exceptions, however, where: Reto Hug and Olivier Marceau (Switzerland), Will Clarke and Tim Don (Great Britain).
Don was obviously not his usual self, falling off this small pack of chasing athletes. He rode the remaining bike leg alone. Marceau launched a solo bid for the leaders.
In the first pack, Belaubre and Alistair Brownlee (Great Britain) tried unsuccessful surges. Everyone was too attentive, especially Colin Jenkins (Canada) whose job it was to ride for Whitfield.
By the second bike lap, Marceau had bridged the gap to the leaders. The pack he left was not too far behind.
In the second lap, Francisco Serrano (Mexico), Dirk Bockel (Luxemburg) and Axel Zeebroek (Belgium) created a gap which the main field did not respond to. Going into the last lap the group had 48 seconds on the main field.
Serrano dropped off this pack shortly after which made the leaders a group of two. Coming into the bike/run transition the two touched hands and wished each other the best for the run. They had managed to accrue 53 seconds, but as poorer runners they would find it difficult to hold off the best runners.
Brownlee took the main field out on the first lap of the run in the now sweltering heat of the run leg. He was followed closely by an elite group of 20 of the best runners in the sport.
Rasmus Henning (Denmark) surged and stretched out the group on the second lap of the run but all the main players responded. When Ivan Rana (Spain) attacked on the hill back to the reservoir, the group splintered.
Only Gomez, Brownlee, Docherty, Whitfield and Frodeno could go with Henning and by five kilometers it was obvious the medals would come from this group.
Rana was the first to drop as his teammate Gomez went to the front to push the pace. He was followed by Brownlee and Whitfield. The medals were now between Gomez, Frodeno and Docherty. Or were they?
Heading into the reservoir for the last time Whitfield pressed to rejoin the group. With one kilometre to run he was there. The questions now were: which athlete was going to win the gold, and who was not going to medal?
Around the u-turn at the far end of the course with 300m to run Whitfield opened up the sprint to test the hearts of his competition. Only Frodeno could respond. Docherty ran valiantly ahead of a fast fading Gomez.
Whitfield looked in control of the sprint but Frodeno started to gain on him quickly. With 50m to go Frodeno has passed and dispensed with the Canadian who had nothing left.
| Rank | #[12] | Triathlete | Swimming | Cycling | Running | Total time* | Difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
32 | 18:14 | 59:01 | 30:46 | 1:48:53.28 | n/a | |
| 2 |
16 | 18:18 | 58:56 | 30:48 | 1:48:58.47 | +5.19 | |
| 3 |
27 | 18:23 | 58:51 | 30:57 | 1:49:05.59 | +12.31 | |
| 4 | 30 | 18:08 | 59:06 | 31:03 | 1:49:13.92 | +20.64 | |
| 5 | 31 | 18:22 | 58:52 | 31:14 | 1:49:22.03 | +28.75 | |
| 6 | 34 | 18:25 | 58:49 | 31:35 | 1:49:43.78 | +50.50 | |
| 7 | 21 | 18:04 | 59:06 | 31:40 | 1:49:48.75 | +55.47 | |
| 8 | 41 | 18:18 | 58:57 | 31:48 | 1:49:57.47 | +1:04.19 | |
| 9 | 26 | 18:02 | 59:15 | 31:41 | 1:49:59.38 | +1:06.10 | |
| 10 | 38 | 18:03 | 59:11 | 31:48 | 1:50:00.30 | +1:07.02 | |
| 11 | 11 | 18:06 | 59:08 | 32:00 | 1:50:10.02 | +1:16.74 | |
| 12 | 35 | 18:11 | 59:05 | 32:07 | 1:50:19.62 | +1:26.34 | |
| 13 | 18 | 18:30 | 57:48 | 33:15 | 1:50:30.90 | +1:37.62 | |
| 14 | 36 | 18:53 | 58:23 | 32:18 | 1:50:32.07 | +1:38.79 | |
| 15 | 33 | 18:23 | 58:56 | 58:56 | 1:50:33.90 | +1:40.62 | |
| 16 | 12 | 18:17 | 58:56 | 32:26 | 1:50:36.00 | +1:42.72 | |
| 17 | 54 | 18:28 | 58:47 | 32:32 | 1:50:40.22 | +1:46.94 | |
| 18 | 23 | 18:19 | 59:03 | 32:27 | 1:50:46.39 | +1:53.11 | |
| 19 | 44 | 18:55 | 58:18 | 32:37 | 1:50:50.07 | +1:56.79 | |
| 20 | 42 | 18:17 | 58:56 | 32:41 | 1:50:53.69 | +2:00.41 | |
| 21 | 52 | 18:11 | 59:05 | 32:42 | 1:50:58.98 | +2:05.70 | |
| 22 | 25 | 18:15 | 59:07 | 32:53 | 1:51:11.61 | +2:18.33 | |
| 23 | 45 | 18:14 | 58:52 | 33:11 | 1:51:19.45 | +2:26.17 | |
| 24 | 24 | 18:10 | 59:08 | 33:01 | 1:51:22.59 | +2:29.31 | |
| 25 | 55 | 18:26 | 57:52 | 34:19 | 1:51:31.01 | +2:37.73 | |
| 26 | 8 | 18:24 | 58:50 | 33:22 | 1:51:35.57 | +2:42.29 | |
| 27 | 17 | 18:26 | 58:51 | 33:25 | 1:51:40.94 | +2:47.66 | |
| 28 | 15 | 18:24 | 58:51 | 33:34 | 1:51:46.81 | +2:53.53 | |
| 29 | 43 | 18:55 | 58:20 | 33:53 | 1:52:04.93 | +3:11.65 | |
| 30 | 6 | 18:27 | 58:53 | 33:56 | 1:52:11.98 | +3:18.70 | |
| 31 | 2 | 18:13 | 59:06 | 33:57 | 1:52:18.09 | +3:24.81 | |
| 32 | 22 | 18:25 | 58:48 | 34:19 | 1:52:30.44 | +3:37.16 | |
| 33 | 10 | 18:22 | 58:55 | 34:26 | 1:52:39.21 | +3:45.93 | |
| 34 | 29 | 18:00 | 59:19 | 34:34 | 1:52:48.16 | +3:54.88 | |
| 35 | 19 | 18:23 | 58:58 | 34:32 | 1:52:51.74 | +3:58.46 | |
| 36 | 40 | 18:49 | 58:24 | 34:51 | 1:53:02.79 | +4:09.51 | |
| 37 | 7 | 18:52 | 58:28 | 34:56 | 1:53:13.94 | +4:20.66 | |
| 38 | 47 | 18:20 | 59:00 | 35:02 | 1:53:23.98 | +4:30.70 | |
| 39 | 28 | 18:41 | 58:34 | 35:42 | 1:53:49.47 | +4:56.19 | |
| 40 | 9 | 18:22 | 58:56 | 35:43 | 1:53:58.22 | +5:04.94 | |
| 41 | 4 | 18:09 | 59:12 | 35:54 | 1:54:13.58 | +5:20.30 | |
| 42 | 20 | 18:21 | 59:00 | 36:09 | 1:54:31.61 | +5:38.33 | |
| 43 | 50 | 18:54 | 58:24 | 36:22 | 1:54:40.78 | +5:47.50 | |
| 44 | 3 | 18:56 | 58:08 | 36:42 | 1:54:46.09 | +5:52.81 | |
| 45 | 53 | 18:20 | 59:06 | 36:47 | 1:55:06.57 | +6:13.29 | |
| 46 | 56 | 18:06 | 59:15 | 37:17 | 1:55:41.87 | +6:48.59 | |
| 47 | 51 | 18:09 | 59:13 | 37:27 | 1:55:53.38 | +7:00.10 | |
| 48 | 5 | 18:04 | 59:12 | 37:58 | 1:56:13.68 | +7:20.40 | |
| 49 | 48 | 18:23 | 58:56 | 38:19 | 1:56:40.54 | +7:47.26 | |
| 50 | 14 | 18:12 | 58:59 | 38:39 | 1:56:50.85 | +7:57.57 | |
| n/a | 39 | 18:27 | 58:49 | DNF | |||
| n/a | 37 | 18:54 | LAP | ||||
| n/a | 49 | 18:55 | LAP | ||||
| n/a | 1 | 18:59 | LAP | ||||
| n/a | 46 | DNF |
- * Including Transition 1 (swimming-to-cycling) and T2 (cycling-to-running), roughly a minute.
- No one is allotted the number 13.
- LAP - passed by number one.
- DNF - Did Not Finish.
External links
References
- ↑ http://www.triathlon.org/?call=TVRZMg==&sh=keep Retrieved 2009-05-20
- ↑ http://www.triathlon.org/olympics/athletes.php Retrieved 2008-07-09
- ↑ Olympic qualifying criteria (pdf). ITU.
- ↑ Olympic simulation for men (pdf) (2008-06-10). Retrieved on 2008-06-10.
- ↑ Olympic simulation for women (pdf) (2008-06-10). Retrieved on 2008-06-10.
- ↑ Oceanian NOCs did not qualify any eligible male and female competitors through the Continental Olympic Ranking; the same situation was verified with African NOCs for the women's event. Thus, each of these qualification places were given to the next best placed athletes in the ITU Olympic Qualification Rankings;
- ↑ China achieved qualification for the women's event through the ITU Olympic Qualification Ranking, therefore the host nation's Olympic place was given to another best placed athlete in the ITU Olympic Qualification Rankings;
- ↑ Flora Duffy would qualify through her place in the ITU Olympic Qualification Ranking. Since she received an invitation from the tripartite commission, her slot was given to the next best placed athlete in the ITU Olympic Qualification Rankings.
- ↑ http://www.triathlon.org/?call=TVRBMg==&nwsid=2160 Retrieved 2008-08-19.
- ↑ http://www.triathlon.org/zpg/zevt-dtl-prtcpnts_v4.php?call=TVRFdw==&id=MTEzMQ==&keep=sh#
- ↑ http://www.triathlon.org/?call=TVRBMg==&nwsid=2162 Retrieved 2008-08-19.
- ↑ http://www.triathlon.org/zpg/zevt-dtl-prtcpnts_v4.php?call=TVRFdw==&keep=sh&id=MTEzMQ==&sh=st&stid=3216#
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